13/5/02
 
Ref 27/02

Cannibalistic Stars hold clue to Big Bang

A team of UK astronomers announced this month the discovery of
cannibalistic stars that explain one of the mysteries surrounding the Big
Bang. The stars are almost as old as the Universe and they reveal what
space was like in the very beginning.

The team from the Open University found that a group of
14-billion-year-old stars were all in a spin (literally) because of a
nasty phase earlier in their lives. They were, in short, cannibalistic
stars. The scientists' discovery not only explains the origin of these
mysterious stars, but also strengthens the Big Bang theory.  The Big Bang
is the name given to the rapid expansion of the Universe that marked the
beginning of space and time; it explains the origin of the matter in the
universe - including the matter which people are made of.
The stars under investigation are some of the oldest in the Universe.
They formed out of gas clouds not long after the Big Bang.   The OU team,
led by Dr Sean Ryan, found that some of the stars that formed early in
the life of the Universe were very unusual. They contained none of the
metal lithium which astronomers believe is produced in the Big Bang.
Dr Ryan said:
"Observations showed that about 1 star in 20 contained no lithium, and
some astronomers were concerned that this might mean we had misunderstood
something important about the Big Bang and the origin of the Universe."
 
New and more detailed observations of the peculiar stars were made with
the 4.2-metre-diameter William Herschel Telescope. Using high precision
equipment, the team found that most of the stars without lithium were
spinning very fast. "Measuring the spin speed of stars is very
difficult," said Dr Ryan, "this is why no-one had seen this before. Most
14-billion-year-old stars do not spin very fast at all but these ones had
up to 16 times as much spin energy as the Sun, our
nearest star. We knew that the extra energy could come from only one
source; another star."
 
Dr Ulrich Kolb, an OU astronomer who specialises in interacting stars,
explained what happened. "When these stars formed out of the gas clouds,
not just one but two stars formed very near one another. Fatally, they
were too close together for their own good.  As they grew older, the
smaller
one captured the outer layers of the larger one. Very little now remains
of what was the larger star; it has been cannibalised by its companion."
The material captured by the companion carried orbital energy that was
converted into spin energy. It was the discovery of the excessive spin
energy that revealed the history of the objects.
The scientists believe that the lithium was destroyed in nuclear
reactions shortly before the star-eating episode occurred.
Dr Ryan said: "It's rather a relief that we have discovered why the
lithium-depleted stars are so different to most others. Knowing that the
Big Bang theory tells us correctly how much lithium was produced gives us
confidence that we really do understand much about the origin of the
entire universe. Hydrogen that was formed in the Big Bang powers the Sun,
which in turn provides energy to the Earth. It is also a vital component
of pure water, which is so essential to life.  Also we now know more
about what happens when stars feed on one another."
Using a technique called Doppler spectroscopy, the observations were made
by measuring the speeds at which the stars are moving. This is similar to
the way traffic speeds are measured on roads, but with stars clocking up
many kilometres per second, not just a few kilometres per hour.
The William Herschel Telescope on which the observations were made is one
of the UK's major telescopes. It is co-funded and operated by the
Particle Physics and Astronomy Council (PPARC). It is located under the
clear skies of the Canary Islands, where observing conditions are much
better than in Great Britain. The telescope is shared with Dutch and
Spanish astronomers. Dr Sean Ryan will be observing from the Canary
Islands on 22-24 May.
The team's work is described fully in a scientific report appearing in
Astrophysical Journal on May 20.
 
NOTES TO EDITORS:
The Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC) is the UK's
strategic science investment agency. It funds research, education and
public understanding in four broad areas of science - particle physics,
astronomy, cosmology and space science.
 
Images
A picture of the William Herschel Telescope is available from the PPARC
press office. See contact details below.

CONTACT DETAILS:
Dr Sean Ryan will be observing from the Canary Islands on 21-26 May. He
can be contacted on Tel: +34-922-405500 (daytime), FAX: +34-922-405501.
Dr Sean Ryan, OU Department of Physics and Astronomy  
Tel: 01908-652511
 
MEDIA CONTACTS:
Eulina Clairmont, OU Media Relations. Tel:01908 653248
Gill Ormrod, PPARC Press Office. Tel:01793 442012