The readout of pixel data is accomplished by accessing each pixel individually and sampling the potential across a floating diode junction that is the pixel site. This process is non destructive in that the potential is not changed by the read operation. Pixel access is performed via an analog and digital module called the multiplexor. This complex electronic device is bonded to the photo-sensitive accumulation layer where the pixel sites (the diodes) are located on a sapphire substrate. The multiplexor interfaces the electronic signals from the array controller to access the pixel sites and perform the reset and read functions.

To accumulate photo-electrons, the pixel site must first be charged to a positive potential by a reset operation. This is accomplished by applying a clocking sequence to the multiplexor which applies a potential and injects charge into the diodes. Once the array is reset, photon (and thermal) generated electrons arrive at the pixel sites and deplete the charge left by the reset operation. This reduces the potential seen across the diode pixel site.

To accurately determine the number of photo-electrons it is necessary to first sample the pixels and measure the potentials left by the reset process. This is the pre-integration read process and produces the first extension in an INGRID FITS data file . After an integration time when captured photons have produced electrons which have depleted the charge in the pixel sites, the pixels are again sampled (readout) and the resultant data stored in the second INGRID FITS extension. This is the post-integration read process. Subtracting the pre-integration read from the post-integration read produces an image in which the bias, fixed pattern noise, and reset potential uncertainty are removed and the read noise multiplied by root two.

Before readout the multiplexor contains spurious charge accumulated within the signal channels which needs to be removed. This is done by performing a read operation on 64 columns of the array but without sending data to the host. This removes the unwanted charge which would otherwise appear as an exponential decay across the quadrants in the column directions. Figure 1 shows schematically the described process.
 

Figure 1. Basic readout scheme with timing

Since the pixel signal is readout non-destructively, it is possible to reduce the effect of read noise when sky background limited images cannot be used. Since read noise is predominantly white in character, by averaging a number of readouts the noise can be reduced by root n where n is the number of readouts considered in the average. This process is called multiple non destructive readout (mndr). The mndr process can be implimented using the numreads command on the acquisition system and is shown schematically in figure 2.